Kristen A. Carroll

Peter Espey (Of Counsel-Madison, NJ) authored “New Jersey's Charitable Immunity Act: The Expanding Definition of 'Hospital Purposes,'” appearing in Law.com’s New Jersey Law Journal on August 11, 2026. The article examines the evolution of New Jersey’s Charitable Immunity Act, which establishes a $250,000 cap on damages for nonprofits organized for “hospital purposes,” and grants complete immunity from negligence claims to charitable or educational nonprofit organizations. Peter explores how the New Jersey Supreme Court has expanded the definition of a “hospital,” bringing an increasing number of health care entities that traditionally would not have been considered hospitals within the Act’s damages cap rather than granting them complete immunity. He explains that recent case law suggests that nonprofit health care entities outside the traditional hospital model generally qualify for the $250,000 damages cap but face greater difficulty establishing entitlement to complete immunity. Looking ahead, Peter suggests that the continued evolution of the health care industry may further broaden the application of the Act, observing: “As hospital systems continue to consolidate and offer a broader range of health care services to their patients, the number of entities qualifying as organized for ‘hospital purposes’ will likely increase.”

Joe Baiocco (Partner-White Plains, NY) will speak on August 26, 2026, at the Cottingham & Butler Transportation Summit. He will discuss the methods used by organized fraud rings, including how their schemes work, and the operational strategies transportation carriers can implement to avoid becoming the next "nuclear" verdict headline.

Douglas Kemper (Of Counsel-Louisville, KY) and Estee Rose (Associate-Louisville, KY) secured dismissal in the Jefferson County Circuit Court on behalf of Wilson Elser’s client, a Missouri hotel management company, in a personal injury action. The plaintiff allegedly sustained injuries caused by bed bugs at a hotel managed by our client in Adel, Georgia. The plaintiff, a Kentucky resident, sought to establish jurisdiction in Jefferson County Circuit Court based on his allegation that he booked the room through Priceline.com while physically located in Kentucky. Doug and Estee moved to dismiss, and the court granted their motion, finding that a single internet transaction through a third-party booking platform did not constitute purposeful availment of Kentucky's jurisdiction, and that a Missouri corporation with no employees, property, marketing, or business operations in Kentucky lacked sufficient minimum contacts with the Commonwealth.

Kathleen Wilkinson (Senior Counsel-Philadelphia, PA) has been appointed as a Commissioner of the American Bar Association’s Commission on Women in the Profession (CWP), continuing her longstanding commitment to advancing the interests and well-being of women in the legal profession. The CWP was established in 1987 to evaluate the status of women lawyers, identify barriers to their advancement, and recommend actions to address those barriers. Its first chair was Hillary Rodham Clinton, who went on to serve as First Lady and a U.S. Senator from New York. Kathleen’s appointment builds on her past three years of work with the Commission, during which she served as a Special Advisor and cochair of the Commission’s Mental Wellness Committee. At the direction of Commission Chair Karol Corbin Walker, who spearheaded the idea of studying the mental health of women attorneys, Kathleen participated with other Commission members in examining the available research on lawyers’ mental well-being in the legal profession. They studied whether women are impacted differently by stress, along with factors such as race, ethnicity, and disability, among others. The Committee recommended a national study, issued requests for proposals, and retained MindSetPower, led by past ABA President Paulette Brown. Virtual and in-person focus groups were assembled. One in-person focus group of diverse attorneys from Philadelphia met at Wilson Elser’s Philadelphia office. After a national survey, once all the information was collected, analyzed, and discussed, MindSetPower issued a groundbreaking report at the ABA Annual Meeting in Chicago earlier this month. The Mental Wellbeing for Women in the Law Study: The Unique Challenges of Women Lawyers and a Path Forward is the first national research initiative to examine how stress, bias, and systemic barriers uniquely affect women lawyers, including across demographic groups and as compared to male counterparts. 

Kristen A. Carroll (Partner-New York, NY) obtained summary judgment in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, on behalf of Wilson Elser’s client, a real estate investment company. In this premises liability case, the plaintiff allegedly fell from a riser step located on the first floor inside the defendant retailer’s unit. The plaintiff’s complaint alleged that our client and other defendants negligently maintained the unit. Kristen moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that our client was an out-of-possession landlord with no duty to maintain the area where the plaintiff fell. She further demonstrated that the plaintiff’s expert engineer’s report submitted in opposition to the motion was unsworn, inadmissible hearsay, and insufficient to raise a triable issue of fact. The court concurred and, given its finding in our client’s favor on liability, did not need to reach the issue of indemnification against the defendant retailer. Accordingly, the court granted Kristen’s motion in full and dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint. Wilson Elser will file an order with notice of entry of this decision, allowing the plaintiff 30 days to file a notice of appeal.

Stuart Miller (Partner-New York, NY/West Palm Beach/Orlando/Miami) will join the panel “Preventing the ‘Big Loss’ in Liability Litigation” at the Workers’ Compensation Institute’s (WCI) 80th Annual Workers’ Compensation Educational Conference and 37th Safety & Health Conference, to be held August 22 ‒ 26, 2026, at the Orlando World Center Marriott in Orlando, Florida. Stuart, as defense counsel frequently called to “parachute in” on difficult cases, will be joined by a renowned attorney from the South Florida Plaintiff’s Bar and a risk manager from the industrial construction realm. The panelists will examine how risk managers, claims professionals, and in-house counsel can avoid costly mistakes that lead to catastrophic liability outcomes and potentially career-defining losses. They’ll explore the growing challenges posed by social inflation, litigation funding, litigation abuse, and increasingly large jury verdicts, as well as evolving plaintiff strategies and lessons learned from both defense and plaintiff perspectives on what drives successful litigation outcomes. The session also provides practical strategies for managing litigation risk in the shifting landscape of personal injury litigation. 

Denise M. Motta (Of Counsel-Louisville, KY), a mediator and arbitrator with the American Arbitration Association and vice chair of the Kentucky Bar Association's Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Section, will present "Back to the Future: Key Components for a Successful Mediation" at each stop of the Kentucky Bar Association's seven-part Kentucky Law Update CLE series. In her presentation, Denise will share insights on ten practical strategies for advocates and neutrals to foster productive settlement dialogue at mediation and achieve successful resolutions. She will also discuss the critical roles that preparation, negotiation strategy, and mediator selection play in maximizing the likelihood of a successful outcome. The complimentary CLE program for Kentucky attorneys begins in Owensboro, Kentucky, on August 27, 2026, and continues at locations across the state through December 3, 2026. Beyond her work with the Kentucky Bar Association, Denise serves as chair of DRI's ADR Committee and vice chair of the ABA's Tort & Insurance Practice Section ADR Committee.

In 2021, the New Jersey Supreme Court adopted the "ongoing storm rule" in Pareja v. Princeton International Properties, holding that commercial landowners have no duty to clear snow and ice until a reasonable time after a storm ends—unless "unusual circumstances" exist. Five years later, the Court has applied that exception for the first time in a published decision, and the result is more good news for commercial property owners. This case arose from a slip-and-fall at a Walmart parking lot in Union Township on January 3, 2015, during a storm of mixed snow, sleet, and rain that began around 11:30 a.m. At the time of the plaintiff's fall, roughly 1:30 p.m., there was only a "trace" to one-tenth of an inch of accumulation on the lot. Walmart's snow-removal contractor had spread salt on the lot from 12:35 to 1:15 p.m. but had not pretreated the surface before the storm began. A jury found Walmart negligent and awarded the plaintiff over $1.3 million, and the Appellate Division later ordered a new trial rather than dismissal.  On July 30, 2026, the Supreme Court reversed and directed judgment for Walmart. Under the "ongoing storm rule," a commercial landowner's duty to clear snow and ice arises within a reasonable time after a storm ends, not during the event. One of the exceptions to the ongoing storm rule, defined by the Court’s 2021 holding in Pareja v. Princeton Int’l, is where the landowner's conduct creates "unusual circumstances" that exacerbate the risk of injury. The Court in Gallardo held that ordinary, if imperfect, remediation efforts, such as salting a lot with only minimal accumulation, do not meet that "unusual circumstances" threshold, even when the plaintiff alleges that treatment made conditions worse. Commercial landowners are not obligated to clear snow or ice mid-storm, and undertaking reasonable, ordinary de-icing measures during a storm will not, by itself, create liability. Owners should document the timing of all remediation efforts and retain contractor service records, since the absence of "unusual circumstances" was central to the outcome in this decision.  This decision may further reduce exposure to ongoing-storm slip-and-fall claims against commercial insureds absent evidence the insured's actions were genuinely unusual or created a new hazard beyond the storm's natural effects. However, plaintiffs will likely continue to raise novel arguments regarding whether conduct exceeded ordinary snow-removal practice and how that can be subject to interpretation by different experts. 

Q: What should an employer do when an employee needs a reasonable accommodation for a disability? A: Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and in some instances under state and local laws, if an employee with a disability sufficiently requests an accommodation, the employer must engage in a good-faith, interactive process with the employee to identify if a reasonable accommodation exists. In practice, the interactive process is an ongoing, two-way dialogue rather than a single conversation. The employer typically asks the employee to clarify the nature of the limitation, may request reasonably necessary medical documentation supporting the need for accommodation, and should discuss and evaluate potential accommodation options with the employee, including why a particular option may or may not work. The employee, in turn, should respond to the employer’s questions, provide the requested medical information, and engage with proposed solutions rather than insisting on one preferred accommodation. This exchange often takes multiple rounds of communication and should continue until a reasonable accommodation is identified, or until the employer determines in good faith that none is available. Employers should document each step of this exchange contemporaneously, including the initial request, the information exchanged, the options discussed, and the reasons for accepting or rejecting each option, since this record is often decisive if the accommodation decision is later challenged. When Does the Duty to Engage Begin? As a practical matter, an employer should not wait for a formal or perfectly-worded request, though the legal trigger varies by jurisdiction. The Eleventh Circuit (Florida, Georgia, and Alabama), for example, requires the employee to make a specific demand for accommodation and provide enough information for the employer to understand how to address the limitation.1 In Owens v. Georgia, Governor's Office of Student Achievement, 52 F.4th 1327 (11th Cir. 2022),2 the court held that an employee who cited only childbirth-related complications, without more, and requested telework had not provided enough information to trigger the duty to engage. Other jurisdictions impose a lower burden. The Ninth Circuit (Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) has held that the duty to engage is triggered merely by notice of the disability and a desire for3 accommodation—a more employee-protective standard. It has also held that if an employee is unable to request an accommodation but the employer knows of the disability, the employer must help initiate the process. Similarly, the requirements around the interactive process can be lenient depending on state and local requirements.  These cases set a floor, not a ceiling: they describe the minimum an employee must show before a court will find the duty to engage was legally triggered, not a safe harbor for delay. Given this jurisdictional variation and the fact-specific nature of the inquiry, employers seeking to protect against failure-to-accommodate claims should discuss potential accommodations whenever an employee requests one or raises a medical condition affecting their work—while remembering that engaging early does not obligate the employer to grant any particular accommodation. It simply starts the conversation and creates a record of good faith. What Accommodations Should an Employer Consider? Determining an appropriate accommodation is a case-by-case analysis, and multiple factors can be relevant, including the nature of the employee’s disability, the essential functions of the position, the operational needs of the business, and whether the underlying condition or needed accommodation is temporary or permanent. The ADA, at 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9), provides a non-exhaustive list of potential accommodations, including making facilities accessible, job restructuring, modified work schedules, reassignment to a vacant position, equipment modification, adjusted exams or training materials, and qualified readers or interpreters. The appropriate accommodation depends on the employee’s particular disability—for example, an employee with regular medical appointments might be accommodated with a modified schedule. Employers should evaluate each request individually and document the process. Limits on the Duty to Accommodate An employer need not remove essential job functions, nor must it provide an employee’s preferred accommodation if another available option allows the employee to perform those functions. While reassignment to a vacant position may be reasonable, the employer need not create a new position or reassign the employee to a role for which they are unqualified. Federal appellate courts are split on whether reassignment is mandatory: the Tenth Circuit, in Smith v. Midland Brake, Inc., 180 F.3d 1154 (10th Cir. 1999), held that it is, while the Fourth,4 Fifth,5 Eighth,6 and Eleventh Circuits7 have held that employers need only let the employee compete for the vacancy. Employers should confirm the applicable circuit’s standard before handling a reassignment request.  An employer also need not provide an accommodation that would create an undue hardship—a high standard requiring proof of significant difficulty or expense. The burden of proving undue hardship rests on the employer, not the employee: it is not enough to assert that an accommodation is inconvenient or costly; the employer must show, with specific evidence, the actual cost, its financial resources and size, and the impact on operations.  Practical Tips for Employers Employers should keep several practical points in mind.  1. A sound approach to protecting against claims is to discuss potential accommodations whenever an employee requests one or raises a medical condition needing a workplace adjustment. The legal floor for when the duty is actually triggered varies by jurisdiction and can be higher than this practical approach, so acting sooner helps guard against uncertainty. 2. Remember the process is a two-way obligation: employers should not wait passively for the employee to identify the perfect accommodation, and employees should not expect the employer to solve the problem unassisted. The employer should ask the employee to clarify the limitation, request necessary medical documentation, and discuss accommodation options; the employee should respond, provide the requested information, and engage with proposed solutions rather than insist on one preferred option. Both sides should share information and discuss options collaboratively and in good faith, often over multiple rounds, until a reasonable accommodation is identified or the employer determines in good faith that none exists. 3. Document each step of the process, including the initial request, information exchanged, options considered, and the reasoning behind any accommodation granted or denied, since this record can be critical if the decision is later challenged.  4. Approach the interactive process as an obligation to share information and discuss accommodations in good faith. An employer that genuinely engages is more likely to find a workable solution and avoid litigation that a defensive, box-checking approach often invites. Employers with questions about the ADA and the interactive process should consult an attorney. Employers have mandated duties under the ADA and comparable state and local laws, and failing to satisfy them can expose employers to significant liability, including claims for discrimination, failure to accommodate, and retaliation. Given these obligations and the fact-specific nature of the interactive process, it is always good practice to consult with employment counsel before making a final accommodation decision. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Frazier-White v. Gee, 818 F.3d 1249 (11th Cir. 2016). 2 Owens addressed the Rehabilitation Act, but it applies equally to the Americans with Disabilities Act. 3 Barnett v. U.S. Air, Inc., 228 F.3d 1105 (9th Cir. 2000), r’vd on other grounds 535 U.S. 391 (2002). 4 Elledge v. Lowe’s Home Ctrs., 979 F.3d 1004 (4th Cir. 2020). 5 Daugherty v. City of El Paso, 56 F.3d 695 (5th Cir. 1995) 6 Huber v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 486 F.3d 480 (8th Cir. 2007). 7 EEOC v. St. Joseph's Hosp., Inc., 842 F.3d 1333 (11th Cir. 2016).

Mark G. Ledwin (Partner-White Plains, NY) has been named a 2026 BTI Client Service All-Star, a prestigious distinction based exclusively on client feedback. Now in its 25th year of publication, the BTI Client Service All-Stars ranking is regarded as the gold standard used by corporate counsel and law firms to identify attorneys who deliver exceptional client service. Mark’s philosophy and practice exemplify the five qualities BTI’s research identifies as distinguishing its 2026 Client Service All-Stars: pivoting without missing a beat, acting at CEO speed, driving business outcomes, staying three steps ahead, and turning obstacles into opportunities. The 2026 All-Stars include 256 attorneys from 129 firms, selected through more than 350 in-depth, telephone-based interviews conducted from November 2025 through July 2026 as part of BTI’s Annual Survey of General Counsel. Notably, BTI does not accept law firm submissions, self-referrals, firm referrals, suggestions, or payments for inclusion. Mark focuses his practice on bankruptcy, creditors’ rights, and complex commercial litigation in state and federal courts. He is known for a cost-effective, strategic approach centered on identifying critical issues at the outset to pursue early resolution. In addition to representing banks and other traditional creditors, he has developed a distinctive concentration in assisting insurance carriers with bankruptcy-related coverage and claims matters.

Douglas Kemper (Of Counsel-Louisville, KY) and Estee Rose (Associate-Louisville, KY) secured dismissal in the Jefferson County Circuit Court on behalf of Wilson Elser’s client, a Missouri hotel management company, in a personal injury action. The plaintiff allegedly sustained injuries caused by bed bugs at a hotel managed by our client in Adel, Georgia. The plaintiff, a Kentucky resident, sought to establish jurisdiction in Jefferson County Circuit Court based on his allegation that he booked the room through Priceline.com while physically located in Kentucky. Doug and Estee moved to dismiss, and the court granted their motion, finding that a single internet transaction through a third-party booking platform did not constitute purposeful availment of Kentucky's jurisdiction, and that a Missouri corporation with no employees, property, marketing, or business operations in Kentucky lacked sufficient minimum contacts with the Commonwealth.

Joe Baiocco (Partner-White Plains, NY) will speak on August 26, 2026, at the Cottingham & Butler Transportation Summit. He will discuss the methods used by organized fraud rings, including how their schemes work, and the operational strategies transportation carriers can implement to avoid becoming the next "nuclear" verdict headline.

Peter Espey (Of Counsel-Madison, NJ) authored “New Jersey's Charitable Immunity Act: The Expanding Definition of 'Hospital Purposes,'” appearing in Law.com’s New Jersey Law Journal on August 11, 2026. The article examines the evolution of New Jersey’s Charitable Immunity Act, which establishes a $250,000 cap on damages for nonprofits organized for “hospital purposes,” and grants complete immunity from negligence claims to charitable or educational nonprofit organizations. Peter explores how the New Jersey Supreme Court has expanded the definition of a “hospital,” bringing an increasing number of health care entities that traditionally would not have been considered hospitals within the Act’s damages cap rather than granting them complete immunity. He explains that recent case law suggests that nonprofit health care entities outside the traditional hospital model generally qualify for the $250,000 damages cap but face greater difficulty establishing entitlement to complete immunity. Looking ahead, Peter suggests that the continued evolution of the health care industry may further broaden the application of the Act, observing: “As hospital systems continue to consolidate and offer a broader range of health care services to their patients, the number of entities qualifying as organized for ‘hospital purposes’ will likely increase.”

Kathleen Wilkinson (Senior Counsel-Philadelphia, PA) has been appointed as a Commissioner of the American Bar Association’s Commission on Women in the Profession (CWP), continuing her longstanding commitment to advancing the interests and well-being of women in the legal profession. The CWP was established in 1987 to evaluate the status of women lawyers, identify barriers to their advancement, and recommend actions to address those barriers. Its first chair was Hillary Rodham Clinton, who went on to serve as First Lady and a U.S. Senator from New York. Kathleen’s appointment builds on her past three years of work with the Commission, during which she served as a Special Advisor and cochair of the Commission’s Mental Wellness Committee. At the direction of Commission Chair Karol Corbin Walker, who spearheaded the idea of studying the mental health of women attorneys, Kathleen participated with other Commission members in examining the available research on lawyers’ mental well-being in the legal profession. They studied whether women are impacted differently by stress, along with factors such as race, ethnicity, and disability, among others. The Committee recommended a national study, issued requests for proposals, and retained MindSetPower, led by past ABA President Paulette Brown. Virtual and in-person focus groups were assembled. One in-person focus group of diverse attorneys from Philadelphia met at Wilson Elser’s Philadelphia office. After a national survey, once all the information was collected, analyzed, and discussed, MindSetPower issued a groundbreaking report at the ABA Annual Meeting in Chicago earlier this month. The Mental Wellbeing for Women in the Law Study: The Unique Challenges of Women Lawyers and a Path Forward is the first national research initiative to examine how stress, bias, and systemic barriers uniquely affect women lawyers, including across demographic groups and as compared to male counterparts. 

Kristen A. Carroll (Partner-New York, NY) obtained summary judgment in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, on behalf of Wilson Elser’s client, a real estate investment company. In this premises liability case, the plaintiff allegedly fell from a riser step located on the first floor inside the defendant retailer’s unit. The plaintiff’s complaint alleged that our client and other defendants negligently maintained the unit. Kristen moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that our client was an out-of-possession landlord with no duty to maintain the area where the plaintiff fell. She further demonstrated that the plaintiff’s expert engineer’s report submitted in opposition to the motion was unsworn, inadmissible hearsay, and insufficient to raise a triable issue of fact. The court concurred and, given its finding in our client’s favor on liability, did not need to reach the issue of indemnification against the defendant retailer. Accordingly, the court granted Kristen’s motion in full and dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint. Wilson Elser will file an order with notice of entry of this decision, allowing the plaintiff 30 days to file a notice of appeal.

Stuart Miller (Partner-New York, NY/West Palm Beach/Orlando/Miami) will join the panel “Preventing the ‘Big Loss’ in Liability Litigation” at the Workers’ Compensation Institute’s (WCI) 80th Annual Workers’ Compensation Educational Conference and 37th Safety & Health Conference, to be held August 22 ‒ 26, 2026, at the Orlando World Center Marriott in Orlando, Florida. Stuart, as defense counsel frequently called to “parachute in” on difficult cases, will be joined by a renowned attorney from the South Florida Plaintiff’s Bar and a risk manager from the industrial construction realm. The panelists will examine how risk managers, claims professionals, and in-house counsel can avoid costly mistakes that lead to catastrophic liability outcomes and potentially career-defining losses. They’ll explore the growing challenges posed by social inflation, litigation funding, litigation abuse, and increasingly large jury verdicts, as well as evolving plaintiff strategies and lessons learned from both defense and plaintiff perspectives on what drives successful litigation outcomes. The session also provides practical strategies for managing litigation risk in the shifting landscape of personal injury litigation. 

Denise M. Motta (Of Counsel-Louisville, KY), a mediator and arbitrator with the American Arbitration Association and vice chair of the Kentucky Bar Association's Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Section, will present "Back to the Future: Key Components for a Successful Mediation" at each stop of the Kentucky Bar Association's seven-part Kentucky Law Update CLE series. In her presentation, Denise will share insights on ten practical strategies for advocates and neutrals to foster productive settlement dialogue at mediation and achieve successful resolutions. She will also discuss the critical roles that preparation, negotiation strategy, and mediator selection play in maximizing the likelihood of a successful outcome. The complimentary CLE program for Kentucky attorneys begins in Owensboro, Kentucky, on August 27, 2026, and continues at locations across the state through December 3, 2026. Beyond her work with the Kentucky Bar Association, Denise serves as chair of DRI's ADR Committee and vice chair of the ABA's Tort & Insurance Practice Section ADR Committee.

In 2021, the New Jersey Supreme Court adopted the "ongoing storm rule" in Pareja v. Princeton International Properties, holding that commercial landowners have no duty to clear snow and ice until a reasonable time after a storm ends—unless "unusual circumstances" exist. Five years later, the Court has applied that exception for the first time in a published decision, and the result is more good news for commercial property owners. This case arose from a slip-and-fall at a Walmart parking lot in Union Township on January 3, 2015, during a storm of mixed snow, sleet, and rain that began around 11:30 a.m. At the time of the plaintiff's fall, roughly 1:30 p.m., there was only a "trace" to one-tenth of an inch of accumulation on the lot. Walmart's snow-removal contractor had spread salt on the lot from 12:35 to 1:15 p.m. but had not pretreated the surface before the storm began. A jury found Walmart negligent and awarded the plaintiff over $1.3 million, and the Appellate Division later ordered a new trial rather than dismissal.  On July 30, 2026, the Supreme Court reversed and directed judgment for Walmart. Under the "ongoing storm rule," a commercial landowner's duty to clear snow and ice arises within a reasonable time after a storm ends, not during the event. One of the exceptions to the ongoing storm rule, defined by the Court’s 2021 holding in Pareja v. Princeton Int’l, is where the landowner's conduct creates "unusual circumstances" that exacerbate the risk of injury. The Court in Gallardo held that ordinary, if imperfect, remediation efforts, such as salting a lot with only minimal accumulation, do not meet that "unusual circumstances" threshold, even when the plaintiff alleges that treatment made conditions worse. Commercial landowners are not obligated to clear snow or ice mid-storm, and undertaking reasonable, ordinary de-icing measures during a storm will not, by itself, create liability. Owners should document the timing of all remediation efforts and retain contractor service records, since the absence of "unusual circumstances" was central to the outcome in this decision.  This decision may further reduce exposure to ongoing-storm slip-and-fall claims against commercial insureds absent evidence the insured's actions were genuinely unusual or created a new hazard beyond the storm's natural effects. However, plaintiffs will likely continue to raise novel arguments regarding whether conduct exceeded ordinary snow-removal practice and how that can be subject to interpretation by different experts. 

Q: What should an employer do when an employee needs a reasonable accommodation for a disability? A: Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and in some instances under state and local laws, if an employee with a disability sufficiently requests an accommodation, the employer must engage in a good-faith, interactive process with the employee to identify if a reasonable accommodation exists. In practice, the interactive process is an ongoing, two-way dialogue rather than a single conversation. The employer typically asks the employee to clarify the nature of the limitation, may request reasonably necessary medical documentation supporting the need for accommodation, and should discuss and evaluate potential accommodation options with the employee, including why a particular option may or may not work. The employee, in turn, should respond to the employer’s questions, provide the requested medical information, and engage with proposed solutions rather than insisting on one preferred accommodation. This exchange often takes multiple rounds of communication and should continue until a reasonable accommodation is identified, or until the employer determines in good faith that none is available. Employers should document each step of this exchange contemporaneously, including the initial request, the information exchanged, the options discussed, and the reasons for accepting or rejecting each option, since this record is often decisive if the accommodation decision is later challenged. When Does the Duty to Engage Begin? As a practical matter, an employer should not wait for a formal or perfectly-worded request, though the legal trigger varies by jurisdiction. The Eleventh Circuit (Florida, Georgia, and Alabama), for example, requires the employee to make a specific demand for accommodation and provide enough information for the employer to understand how to address the limitation.1 In Owens v. Georgia, Governor's Office of Student Achievement, 52 F.4th 1327 (11th Cir. 2022),2 the court held that an employee who cited only childbirth-related complications, without more, and requested telework had not provided enough information to trigger the duty to engage. Other jurisdictions impose a lower burden. The Ninth Circuit (Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) has held that the duty to engage is triggered merely by notice of the disability and a desire for3 accommodation—a more employee-protective standard. It has also held that if an employee is unable to request an accommodation but the employer knows of the disability, the employer must help initiate the process. Similarly, the requirements around the interactive process can be lenient depending on state and local requirements.  These cases set a floor, not a ceiling: they describe the minimum an employee must show before a court will find the duty to engage was legally triggered, not a safe harbor for delay. Given this jurisdictional variation and the fact-specific nature of the inquiry, employers seeking to protect against failure-to-accommodate claims should discuss potential accommodations whenever an employee requests one or raises a medical condition affecting their work—while remembering that engaging early does not obligate the employer to grant any particular accommodation. It simply starts the conversation and creates a record of good faith. What Accommodations Should an Employer Consider? Determining an appropriate accommodation is a case-by-case analysis, and multiple factors can be relevant, including the nature of the employee’s disability, the essential functions of the position, the operational needs of the business, and whether the underlying condition or needed accommodation is temporary or permanent. The ADA, at 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9), provides a non-exhaustive list of potential accommodations, including making facilities accessible, job restructuring, modified work schedules, reassignment to a vacant position, equipment modification, adjusted exams or training materials, and qualified readers or interpreters. The appropriate accommodation depends on the employee’s particular disability—for example, an employee with regular medical appointments might be accommodated with a modified schedule. Employers should evaluate each request individually and document the process. Limits on the Duty to Accommodate An employer need not remove essential job functions, nor must it provide an employee’s preferred accommodation if another available option allows the employee to perform those functions. While reassignment to a vacant position may be reasonable, the employer need not create a new position or reassign the employee to a role for which they are unqualified. Federal appellate courts are split on whether reassignment is mandatory: the Tenth Circuit, in Smith v. Midland Brake, Inc., 180 F.3d 1154 (10th Cir. 1999), held that it is, while the Fourth,4 Fifth,5 Eighth,6 and Eleventh Circuits7 have held that employers need only let the employee compete for the vacancy. Employers should confirm the applicable circuit’s standard before handling a reassignment request.  An employer also need not provide an accommodation that would create an undue hardship—a high standard requiring proof of significant difficulty or expense. The burden of proving undue hardship rests on the employer, not the employee: it is not enough to assert that an accommodation is inconvenient or costly; the employer must show, with specific evidence, the actual cost, its financial resources and size, and the impact on operations.  Practical Tips for Employers Employers should keep several practical points in mind.  1. A sound approach to protecting against claims is to discuss potential accommodations whenever an employee requests one or raises a medical condition needing a workplace adjustment. The legal floor for when the duty is actually triggered varies by jurisdiction and can be higher than this practical approach, so acting sooner helps guard against uncertainty. 2. Remember the process is a two-way obligation: employers should not wait passively for the employee to identify the perfect accommodation, and employees should not expect the employer to solve the problem unassisted. The employer should ask the employee to clarify the limitation, request necessary medical documentation, and discuss accommodation options; the employee should respond, provide the requested information, and engage with proposed solutions rather than insist on one preferred option. Both sides should share information and discuss options collaboratively and in good faith, often over multiple rounds, until a reasonable accommodation is identified or the employer determines in good faith that none exists. 3. Document each step of the process, including the initial request, information exchanged, options considered, and the reasoning behind any accommodation granted or denied, since this record can be critical if the decision is later challenged.  4. Approach the interactive process as an obligation to share information and discuss accommodations in good faith. An employer that genuinely engages is more likely to find a workable solution and avoid litigation that a defensive, box-checking approach often invites. Employers with questions about the ADA and the interactive process should consult an attorney. Employers have mandated duties under the ADA and comparable state and local laws, and failing to satisfy them can expose employers to significant liability, including claims for discrimination, failure to accommodate, and retaliation. Given these obligations and the fact-specific nature of the interactive process, it is always good practice to consult with employment counsel before making a final accommodation decision. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Frazier-White v. Gee, 818 F.3d 1249 (11th Cir. 2016). 2 Owens addressed the Rehabilitation Act, but it applies equally to the Americans with Disabilities Act. 3 Barnett v. U.S. Air, Inc., 228 F.3d 1105 (9th Cir. 2000), r’vd on other grounds 535 U.S. 391 (2002). 4 Elledge v. Lowe’s Home Ctrs., 979 F.3d 1004 (4th Cir. 2020). 5 Daugherty v. City of El Paso, 56 F.3d 695 (5th Cir. 1995) 6 Huber v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 486 F.3d 480 (8th Cir. 2007). 7 EEOC v. St. Joseph's Hosp., Inc., 842 F.3d 1333 (11th Cir. 2016).

Mark G. Ledwin (Partner-White Plains, NY) has been named a 2026 BTI Client Service All-Star, a prestigious distinction based exclusively on client feedback. Now in its 25th year of publication, the BTI Client Service All-Stars ranking is regarded as the gold standard used by corporate counsel and law firms to identify attorneys who deliver exceptional client service. Mark’s philosophy and practice exemplify the five qualities BTI’s research identifies as distinguishing its 2026 Client Service All-Stars: pivoting without missing a beat, acting at CEO speed, driving business outcomes, staying three steps ahead, and turning obstacles into opportunities. The 2026 All-Stars include 256 attorneys from 129 firms, selected through more than 350 in-depth, telephone-based interviews conducted from November 2025 through July 2026 as part of BTI’s Annual Survey of General Counsel. Notably, BTI does not accept law firm submissions, self-referrals, firm referrals, suggestions, or payments for inclusion. Mark focuses his practice on bankruptcy, creditors’ rights, and complex commercial litigation in state and federal courts. He is known for a cost-effective, strategic approach centered on identifying critical issues at the outset to pursue early resolution. In addition to representing banks and other traditional creditors, he has developed a distinctive concentration in assisting insurance carriers with bankruptcy-related coverage and claims matters.

Douglas Kemper (Of Counsel-Louisville, KY) and Estee Rose (Associate-Louisville, KY) secured dismissal in the Jefferson County Circuit Court on behalf of Wilson Elser’s client, a Missouri hotel management company, in a personal injury action. The plaintiff allegedly sustained injuries caused by bed bugs at a hotel managed by our client in Adel, Georgia. The plaintiff, a Kentucky resident, sought to establish jurisdiction in Jefferson County Circuit Court based on his allegation that he booked the room through Priceline.com while physically located in Kentucky. Doug and Estee moved to dismiss, and the court granted their motion, finding that a single internet transaction through a third-party booking platform did not constitute purposeful availment of Kentucky's jurisdiction, and that a Missouri corporation with no employees, property, marketing, or business operations in Kentucky lacked sufficient minimum contacts with the Commonwealth.

Joe Baiocco (Partner-White Plains, NY) will speak on August 26, 2026, at the Cottingham & Butler Transportation Summit. He will discuss the methods used by organized fraud rings, including how their schemes work, and the operational strategies transportation carriers can implement to avoid becoming the next "nuclear" verdict headline.

Peter Espey (Of Counsel-Madison, NJ) authored “New Jersey's Charitable Immunity Act: The Expanding Definition of 'Hospital Purposes,'” appearing in Law.com’s New Jersey Law Journal on August 11, 2026. The article examines the evolution of New Jersey’s Charitable Immunity Act, which establishes a $250,000 cap on damages for nonprofits organized for “hospital purposes,” and grants complete immunity from negligence claims to charitable or educational nonprofit organizations. Peter explores how the New Jersey Supreme Court has expanded the definition of a “hospital,” bringing an increasing number of health care entities that traditionally would not have been considered hospitals within the Act’s damages cap rather than granting them complete immunity. He explains that recent case law suggests that nonprofit health care entities outside the traditional hospital model generally qualify for the $250,000 damages cap but face greater difficulty establishing entitlement to complete immunity. Looking ahead, Peter suggests that the continued evolution of the health care industry may further broaden the application of the Act, observing: “As hospital systems continue to consolidate and offer a broader range of health care services to their patients, the number of entities qualifying as organized for ‘hospital purposes’ will likely increase.”

Kathleen Wilkinson (Senior Counsel-Philadelphia, PA) has been appointed as a Commissioner of the American Bar Association’s Commission on Women in the Profession (CWP), continuing her longstanding commitment to advancing the interests and well-being of women in the legal profession. The CWP was established in 1987 to evaluate the status of women lawyers, identify barriers to their advancement, and recommend actions to address those barriers. Its first chair was Hillary Rodham Clinton, who went on to serve as First Lady and a U.S. Senator from New York. Kathleen’s appointment builds on her past three years of work with the Commission, during which she served as a Special Advisor and cochair of the Commission’s Mental Wellness Committee. At the direction of Commission Chair Karol Corbin Walker, who spearheaded the idea of studying the mental health of women attorneys, Kathleen participated with other Commission members in examining the available research on lawyers’ mental well-being in the legal profession. They studied whether women are impacted differently by stress, along with factors such as race, ethnicity, and disability, among others. The Committee recommended a national study, issued requests for proposals, and retained MindSetPower, led by past ABA President Paulette Brown. Virtual and in-person focus groups were assembled. One in-person focus group of diverse attorneys from Philadelphia met at Wilson Elser’s Philadelphia office. After a national survey, once all the information was collected, analyzed, and discussed, MindSetPower issued a groundbreaking report at the ABA Annual Meeting in Chicago earlier this month. The Mental Wellbeing for Women in the Law Study: The Unique Challenges of Women Lawyers and a Path Forward is the first national research initiative to examine how stress, bias, and systemic barriers uniquely affect women lawyers, including across demographic groups and as compared to male counterparts. 

Kristen A. Carroll (Partner-New York, NY) obtained summary judgment in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, on behalf of Wilson Elser’s client, a real estate investment company. In this premises liability case, the plaintiff allegedly fell from a riser step located on the first floor inside the defendant retailer’s unit. The plaintiff’s complaint alleged that our client and other defendants negligently maintained the unit. Kristen moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that our client was an out-of-possession landlord with no duty to maintain the area where the plaintiff fell. She further demonstrated that the plaintiff’s expert engineer’s report submitted in opposition to the motion was unsworn, inadmissible hearsay, and insufficient to raise a triable issue of fact. The court concurred and, given its finding in our client’s favor on liability, did not need to reach the issue of indemnification against the defendant retailer. Accordingly, the court granted Kristen’s motion in full and dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint. Wilson Elser will file an order with notice of entry of this decision, allowing the plaintiff 30 days to file a notice of appeal.

Stuart Miller (Partner-New York, NY/West Palm Beach/Orlando/Miami) will join the panel “Preventing the ‘Big Loss’ in Liability Litigation” at the Workers’ Compensation Institute’s (WCI) 80th Annual Workers’ Compensation Educational Conference and 37th Safety & Health Conference, to be held August 22 ‒ 26, 2026, at the Orlando World Center Marriott in Orlando, Florida. Stuart, as defense counsel frequently called to “parachute in” on difficult cases, will be joined by a renowned attorney from the South Florida Plaintiff’s Bar and a risk manager from the industrial construction realm. The panelists will examine how risk managers, claims professionals, and in-house counsel can avoid costly mistakes that lead to catastrophic liability outcomes and potentially career-defining losses. They’ll explore the growing challenges posed by social inflation, litigation funding, litigation abuse, and increasingly large jury verdicts, as well as evolving plaintiff strategies and lessons learned from both defense and plaintiff perspectives on what drives successful litigation outcomes. The session also provides practical strategies for managing litigation risk in the shifting landscape of personal injury litigation.